Baseline Voltages of Battery Materials

The following are the baseline voltages and polarities of various possible battery materials using common table salt (Sodium Chloride) as electrolyte:

(1) Copper (+) and Graphene (-)  = 0.11v
(2) Aluminum (+) and Concrete Nail / Zinc (-) =  0.2v
(3) Graphite (+) and Graphene (-) =  0.43v to 0.5v (basis for all carbon battery)
(4) Graphite (+) and Aluminum (-) = 1.0v
(5) Copper (+) and Aluminum (-) = 0.5v
(6) Graphite (+) and Concrete Nail / Zinc (-) = 1.06v to 1.27v
(7) Graphite (+) and Copper (-) = 0.43v to 0.51v
(8) Graphene (+) and Aluminum (-) = 0.25v
(9) Copper (+) and Concrete Nail / Zinc = 0.73v
(10) Graphite (+) and Activated Carbon (-) with Aluminum as current collector = 0.6v (Basis for All carbon battery
(11) Graphite Plastic (+) and Aluminum (-) with Sodium Sulfate as electrolyte = 1.2v

Note:  The material (Concrete Nail) is carbon steel coated with zinc


Experiment No. 1
Aluminum
Potassium Hydroxide
Separator (Polyolefin)
Vinegar
Graphite

Result:  1.1v-1.2v (0.8v); 2mA (0.2mA)

Experiment No. 2
Aluminum
Separator (Polyolefin)
Potassium Hydroxide
Graphite
Aluminum as Current Collector

Result: 1.1v-1.2v (1.12v); 5mA (1mA)

Experiment No. 3

Aluminum
Separator (Polyolefin)
Potassium Hydroxide
Separator (Polyolefin)
Graphite
Aluminum as Current Collector

Result: 1.4v-1.5v (1.35v); 0.5mA (0.1mA)

Experiment No. 4
Aluminum
Separator (Tissue Paper) + Potassium Hydroxide
Graphite Plastic
Aluminum

Result: 1.0v (0.8v); 9.5mA-10mA (9.5mA)

Experiment No. 5
Aluminum
Separator (Tissue Paper) + Potassium Hydroxide
Graphite Plastic

Result: 1.4v (1.4v); 10mA (13mA)

Experiment No. 6
Stainless Steel Screen
Separator (Corrogated Carton) + Potassium Hydroxide
Graphite Plastic

Result: 1.7v-1.8v (1.5v-1.6v); 15mA-16mA (13mA); Stainless Steel Screen was consumed by the chemical reaction;  More exposed areas to the air tends to make the voltage and amps higher.

Experiment No.7 (Fuel Cell - Single Cell; Test-Scale)
Aluminum in Glass Jar (Anode -)
Water (Tap Water)
Graphite Rod (Cathode +)

Charge Voltage: 12v-18v
Voltage: 1.8v-2.2v (0.7v after 6 hrs; with Hydrogen gas)
Amps: 1.2mA (0.4mA after 6 hrs; with Hydrogen gas)

Result:  Observable Redox reaction.  Visible bubbles of Hydrogen and Oxygen after 5 minutes.

Experiment No.8 (Fuel Cell - Single Cell; Slightly bigger surface area of Anode and Cathode)
Stainless Steel Mesh / Screen in Glass Jar (Anode -)
Water (Tap Water)
Stainless Steel Mesh / Screen in Glass Jar (Cathode +)

Note:  Stainless Screen Size is 1/2 of door size at Anode and 1/4 of door size at Cathode; Bigger surface area

Charge Voltage: 12v-18v for 5 hrs
Voltage: 0.7v-0.8v (0.6v after a few minutes with Hydrogen gas at Anode and Oxygen at Cathode)
Amps: 6.0-8.0mA (4.0-5.0mA after a few minutes; with Hydrogen gas at Anode and Oxygen at Cathode)

Result:  Observable Redox reaction.  Visible bubbles of Hydrogen and Oxygen after 5 minutes.